Political+Beginnings

Tri Do

**I. Timeline of key events**
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**II. Presidents**


//George Washington (1st president//) • **Precedents **---Washington established two main precedents: a cabinet and the two-year term. • **Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 **---Washington ordered 15,000 troops to Pennsylvania and crushed the first challenge to federal authority. • **Farewell Address, 1796 **---Washington warned against the evils of political parties and "tangling alliances" abroad. • ** Judiciary Act of 1789 ** • ** Jay's Treaty **
 * • Pinckney's Treaty **



// Johns Adams // • **XYZ Affair— **a diplomatic dispute that came to head after France hassled American ships and attempted to bribe America; it almost lead to war with France. • **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Midnight Appointments--- **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">In an attempt to leave his mark on the next administration, Adams spent his final hours in office appointing judges and lesser court officials.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• Alien and Sedition Acts **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions **



//Thomas Jefferson// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Tripolitan War ** **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">1801-1805 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">---Jefferson refused to pay tribute to pirates of the Barbary States who were harassing American ships; Tripoli declared war on the U.S. but was defeated in 1805. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Louisiana Purchase, 1803 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">--- For a cost of $15 million, U.S. purchased from France all land west of the Mississippi, doubling the size of the United States. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">---Jefferson commissioned Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to embark on a two and ½ year expedition to explore the new American lands. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• ** Marbury vs. Madison **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• Embargo Act of 1807 **

**III. Vocabulary**
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Whiskey Rebellion, 1794: **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Washington ordered 15,000 troops to Pennsylvania and crushed the first challenge to federal authority. Through this, Washington concreted the power of central government and Federalism. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">XYZ Affair: **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">a diplomatic dispute that came to head after France hassled American ships and attempted to bribe America; it almost lead to war with France. However, this resulted in the creation of the American Navy. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Farewell Address, 1796: **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Washington warned against the evils of political parties and "tangling alliances" abroad. This keeps the U.S. out of international war until the Second World War. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Louisiana Purchase, 1803: **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;"> For a cost of $15 million, U.S. purchased from France all land west of the Mississippi, doubling the size of the United States <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.5;">. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **Embargo Act:** Jefferson shut America off from the world economically by forbidding ships from leaving American ports to trade with other nations. He hoped the embargo would put economic pressure on the French, and especially the British. It did, but America suffered far more due to its economic isolation, and the Embargo Act was repealed on March 3, 1809. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **Alien and Sedition Acts:** Aliens were pro-Jeffersonian. These acts, imposed by Adams, prohibits them from becoming citizens for 14 years, and give president the power to deport them at any time, and imprison them in war time. Sedition act prohibited free speech. This act led to Thomas Jefferson winning the presidency in 1800 based largely on popular dissatisfaction with the acts. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **Federalists:** The Federalists believed in a strong central government at the expense of state power. The nation's first two presidents, George Washington and John Adams, were Federalists, and during their terms, all branches of the national government were in Federalist hands. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **T** **ariff**: excise taxes set by Congress to raise revenue to pay the government's debts. P rotection for domestic manufacturing was also a good side-effect. Hamilton wanted to increase the tariff to protect domestic industry even more. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **Marbury v. Madison:** Secretary of state James Madison refused to deliver the commission to Marbury, who asked the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus ordering Madison to do so. Chief Justice John Marshall denied Marbury the writ, ruling that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional in granting the Supreme Court the power to issue such a writ. This established the principle of judicial review. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• **Election of 1800:** Thomas Jefferson called the election of 1800 "as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form." The election of 1800 marked the transition of power from Federalists to Republicans, and began a period of tearing down the Federalist style of government and building up a Republican framework.



**IV. Primary Source**
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• ** Washington's Farewell Address ** (issued as a public letter in 1796) was one of the most influential statements of American political values. Drafted primarily by Washington himself, with help from Hamilton, it gives advice on the necessity and importance of national union, the value of the Constitution and the rule of law, the evils of political parties, and the proper virtues of a republican people.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">• ** Jefferson: The Kentucky and Virgina Resolutions ** were political statements in favor of states' rights. They were written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798. The resolutions attacked the Sedition Act, which extended the powers of the federal government over individuals inside the states. The resolutions declared that the Constitution was an agreement among the states. The importance stems from the resolution determining that it is the right of the states to decide as to the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions became principles of Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party.

**V. Essential Questions**

 * Q1. Washington’s Farewell Address: what were Washington’s most important pieces of advice for the nation? **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,san-serif;">Washington first warned about foreign influence in domestic affairs and United State's involvement in Europe. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,san-serif; line-height: 1.5;">He said that the United States must concentrate primarily on American interests and that involvement in foreign affairs should not be a concern to the U.S. government. He supported friendship and commerce with all nations, but opposed to the potential danger of involving in European wars and entering into any long-term alliances. This advice was adopted by many presidents until the United States entered the Second World War.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,san-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Additionally, Washington also warned against the nation separating into political parties and called for people to move beyond sectionalism and serve the common good. The address quickly set American values regarding religion and foreign affairs. This advice fails to deliver as sectionalism was unavoidable and two political parties such as the Federalists and the Democratic- Republicans were already established at that time. Washington was right in opposing against sectionalism and political parties as these separations directly resulted in the cause of the Civil War.


 * Q2. What are the differences between Hamiltonianism and Jeffersonianism? In which direction should the nation go?**

The differences between Jefferson's and Hamilton's views of the government was how much government should be involved in the states affairs. Jefferson proposed that the states government should make their own laws and taxes. Hamilton, on the contrary, thought that the federal government should control more of the states and make laws and taxes for the states.

The United States needed both influences. Both men actually reconciled their philosophies and led to a new and profoundly important interpretation of the Constitution. When Hamilton introduced his bill to establish a national bank, Jefferson objected. Speaking for those who believed in states' rights, Jefferson argued that the Constitution expressly enumerates all the powers belonging to the federal government and reserves all other powers to the states. Hamilton contended that because of the mass of necessary detail, a vast body of powers had to be implied by general clauses, and one of these authorized Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" for carrying out other powers specifically granted. The Constitution authorized the national government to levy and collect taxes, pay debts and borrow money. A national bank would materially help in performing these functions efficiently. Congress, therefore, was entitled, under its implied powers, to create such a bank. Congress accepted Hamilton's view -- and an important precedent for an expansive interpretation of the federal government's authority.


 * Q3. How could the Sedition Act be passed in light of the 1st Amendment?**

The Alien and Sedition Act consisted of four parts. The Naturalization Act made it more difficult to obtain citizenship. The Alien Act called for expulsion of "dangerous" aliens. It was aimed at French and Irish immigrants, much as the Patriot Act is aimed at Muslims. The Alien Enemies Act goes a bit further and applies to wartime. It allows imprisonment without trial. The Sedition Act, which provided for fines or imprisonment for individuals who criticized the government, Congress, or president in speech or print.. Several newspaper publishers went to jail, but the courts never ruled on its constitutionality though the act was in direct violation of the First Amendment. It violated the 1st Amendment right to the freedom of speech upheld in the US Constitution.

The act was able to pass because by 1798, President Adams and the Federalist party held a majority of seats both in the House of Senate and the House of Representatives, enabling them to do their will and also placing restriction on the opposing party, the Democratic - Republicans.


 * Q4. Why was the Election of 1800 often referred to as the "Revolution of 1800"?**

The term first appeared when Thomas Jefferson referred to the election of 1800 "as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form." The election of 1800 marked the transition of power from Federalists to Republicans, and began a period of tearing down the Federalist style of government and building up a Republican framework.

The election was also accepted by all parties, not just Democratic Republicans. It was a peaceful exchange of power from one party to another. It wasn't a revolution in the normal sense of the word; Jefferson still kept many aspects of previous presidencies such as the Hamiltonian system (except the excise tax; he kept the assumption of debts and the Bank of the United States.) He applied the Democratic Republican policies to prove to Federalists that the two parties could work together, even when the president was from the opposing party.

**VI. Bibliography**
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington's_Farewell_Address 2. Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. "Exploration, Discovery, And Settlement, 1492-1700." // United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination //. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 2004. 9. Print. 3. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_1805-07-1809.png 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions