19th+Century+Reform

Lynn Lin

__** 1. Timeline **__

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__** 2.Presidents **__ -Served 1817-1821 -Political parties stopped conflicts -Economy and culture developed -Took Florida -Passed Missouri Compromise -Monroe Doctrine, declaring that no nation should involve in North and Latin America
 * James Monroe **

-Son of John Adams, the second president -Served:1825-1829 -Corrupt Bargain with Henry Clay -Unpopular
 * John Quincy Adams **

-Served 1829-1837 -Popular among people -Jacksonian Democracy, encouraging more people to vote. -Universal male Suffrage -Peggy Eaton Affair -Indian Removal Act(1830) -Nullification Crisis and States Rights -Kitchen Cabinet -Veto The Bank of United States+Pet Banks -Trail of Tears
 * Andrew Jackson **

-Served 1837-1841 -Panic of 1837, economic depression
 * Martin Van Buren **

-Served 1841-1845 -Died one month after
 * William Harrison **

-Served 1841-1845 -Took Harrison’s seat after he died. -Against the Missouri Compromise
 * John Tyler **

-Served 1845-1849 -Expansionist. Treaty with Britain and Treaty with Mexico -Started Mexican War -Gold Rush
 * James Polk **

-Served 1849-1850 -Fought in the Mexican War -Compromise of 1850 -Died from gastroenteritis -Free Soil Movement
 * Zachary Taylor **

-Served 1850-1853 -Replaced Taylor after he died -California Gold Rush
 * Millard Fillmore **

-Served 1853-1857 -Unable to alleviate the conflicts between the North and the South
 * Franklin Pierce **

**James Buchanan** -Served 1857-1861 -Incapable to some extent.Unable to solve the secession. -Left an organized government to Lincoln.

__** 3.Terms **__

**The Second Great Awakening:**
 * Yale President Reverend Dwight motivated young men to become evangelical preachers.
 * Successful peaches were audiences-centered and easily understood by the uneducated.
 * They provided salvation to all.
 * Charles Finney-Social Justice

**Baptists and Methodists:**
 * In the South and on the western frontier.
 * Circuit preacher: Peter Cartwright.

**Millennialism:**
 * Belief that the world would end with the second coming of Christ.
 * Preacher William Miller.
 * Transformed as a new religion, the Seventh-Day Adventists.

**Transcedalists:**
 * Emerson and Thoreau questioned the doctrines of churches and capitalism.
 * They asked for a mystical, intuitive way of thinking to discover oneself and look for essence of God.
 * They supported antislavery movement.

**Emerson:**
 * Advocated people not to mimic european culture but to start own american culture.
 * Emphasis on self-reliance, independent thinking.

**Thoreau:**
 * Stayed in the woods for two years(Walden 1854).
 * His essay “on civil disobedience” advocated nonviolent protest

**Shakers:**
 * Women and men separated.
 * The Amana Settlements in Iowa was also about ascetic life, but allowed marriage.

**New Harmony:**
 * Nonreligious experiment in Indiana.
 * Welsh Robert Owen wished to solve the inequality and alienation caused by Industrial Revolution.

**The Fourier Phalanxes:**
 * Horace Greeley was interested in the theories of Charles Fourier.
 * To solve problems of competitive society, they advocated that people share and living arrangements in communities called Fourier Phalanxes.

**The Hudson River School:**
 * Expressed romantic age’s fascination with natural world.

**Classical Greek Architecture:**
 * Glorified the democratic spirit of the Jackson era.

**American theme Literature:**
 * Writers Washington Irving and James Cooper(novel LeatherstockIng Tales) Scarlet Letter(Hawthorne)questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life.
 * Herman Melvile’s Moby-Dick depicted the theological and cultural conflicts, a story of Captain Ahab’s pursuits of the white whale.

**Auburn system in New York:**
 * Enforced rigid rules of discipline and provided moral instruction and work program to prisoners.
 * Established by Dorothea Dix

**Horace Mann:**
 * Advocator of free common schools movement. Secretary of MA Board of education.

**William McGuffey:**
 * Created elementary textbooks that became the foundation work.
 * He extolled the virtues of hard work, punctuality, and sobriety

**Cult of domesticity:**
 * Women as the moral leaders and educators at home.

**David Walker&Henry Garnet:**
 * Radical abolitionist who argued that slaves should revolt against their masters.


 * Other reforms: **
 * Laws to protect seamen from flogged
 * Dietary reforms
 * A new pseudoscience called phrenology(study of skull to judge one’s character and ability.)

__** 4. Important Primary Sources: **__
 * 1) The Liberator(1831) by William Garrison marked the beginning of radical abolitionist movement. He was uncompromised and persistent with abolition. ( Details about Garrison and Liberator see Q1)
 * 2) Angelina Grimke’s Address to the Anti-Slavery Convention of 1838 revealed the reality of slave situation from a point of view of the daughter of a wealthy slaveholding judge in South Carolina. Sarah Grimke: "Bearing Witness Against Slavery" depicted the same thing.
 * 3) “Declaration of Sentiments.” resembled the Declaration of Independence by declaring that “all men and women are created equal" and listed the laws and customs that discriminated against women. Elizabeth Stanton was one of the main drafters.
 * 4) Independence Day Speech at Rochester(1841) by Frederick Douglass denounced the hypocrisy of American Democracy and demanded a real, entire equality for all.
 * 5) Horace Mann: 1848 The Case for Public Schools eulogizes the power of education and advocated that education needs to be universal and complete.
 * 6) Ain’I a Woman? by Sojourner Truth was first given at the 1851 Women’s rights convention in Ohio. She stressed the indispensability and achievement of women.
 * 7) Dorothea Dix: "Soeech to MA. 1843" Advocated construction of mental asylum in MA. It was not usual for a women to take actions in politics back then. She recounted what she saw from visiting asylum and mental hospitals and petitioned for expansions of them.

__** 5. Essential Questions: **__
 * Q1.How do the following connect: slavery, Northern bankers, young New England women, immigration, technology, rivers, and the US government. **

All Connected to Textile


 * US governmental supported manufacture and increased Tariffs that helped the development of industrial society with embargo act. By 1900s, the United States could compete with industrial empires like Britain and France.
 * Northern Bank actively made loans to these manufactures to boost up their businesses as well. The policy LLC(limited liability company) assured that entrepreneurs were not responsible for anything above the ventures, encouraging more business.
 * And therefore, industrial development was in need of labors, which was greatly constituted with immigrants(North) and slaves(South).
 * Before river transportation, Roads were built, such as 1790s Pennsylvania Lancaster Turnpike and Cumberland Road from Maryland to Illinois. Power factory built by rivers and transportation with rivers.
 * Rivers caused the buildings of different transportations for moving people, raw materials, and manufactured goods. Erie Canal in New York was built in 1825. This meant lower food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in the West and stronger bond. The clermont, steamboat by Robert Fulton, marked the starting page of mechanized, steam-powered travel in 1807.
 * Patent Law, issued by the governmental, protects rights to the original ideas and creations, encouraging more inventions and new technology. such as Eli Whitney cotton gin in 1793 and a system for making rifles out of interchangeable parts.
 * Samuel Slater established the first U.S factory in 1791 with the secrets for building cotton-spinning machines. Later, New England women were able to get recruited to work in Textile Mills in Lowell, MA.
 * Therefore, it was government and northern banks to encouraged business, technology and establishments of transportations by rivers. Laster, it led to jobs for immigrants, slaves and women. North and South were much more interconnected because of the manufacture development. Charles Sumner commented "Lords of looms" and "Lords of lash," comparing lords and slaves.


 * Q2.Why was January 1,1831 a “day of destiny?”[[image:examreviewblock6/liberator.jpg caption="Liberator "]] **

Intro: Up until 1831, the South held a positiveattitude toward slavery.They thought that slaverywas the foundation of the south’s distinctive social order and as Thomas Jefferson once said that it was a “necessary evil” that would die out gradually. The South supported slavery in that it was a necessary input for Cotton gin labor and slaves worth even more than lands. However, the Second Awakening aroused people's pursuits for rights and freedom and Enlightenment supported them with a belief in essential goodness of human. William Lloyd Garrion and his partner Issac Knap started a new journal The Liberator that had huge repercussions on the antislavery movements in 1831. It was the turning point of slavery movement.

Thesis: January 1, 1831 was remembered as the “day of destiny” because Garrison utilized the most direct way to force the US to face this inequality immediately, inspired a tradition of social obligation and ethical stirring, successfully made slavery reform into a legitimate profession and offered a platform for them to voice thoughts.

Body 1: Why now? The movement was inspired by Enlightenment, French Revolution, Declaration of Independence and second grate awakening.

Body 2: Gradualism of emancipation of slaves was optimistic, however, it would take more than generations to accomplish this goal. Therefore, Garrison insisted on immediate end of slavery and restoration of equality claimed in the Declaration of Independence. He realized that chattel bondage has contradicted the ideals presented in the Declaration of Independence and believed truly that all people were created equal inherently.

Body 3: Garrison’s whole-hearted and intense commitment to slavery reform set a precedent for Frederick Douglass and Martin Luther king Jr. His effusive dedication was demonstrated in his opening editorial and another affirmation.

Body 4: Garrison elevated the status of social reform to a, in which both men and woman later would take as occupations, such as Susan B. Anthony and Ralph Nader. The Liberator was a platform for supporters of antislavery and furious at nation’s incapability to carry out its ideal of equality. They condemned the governments and its slave-owners founders; therefore, DC attempted to prevents its circulation.

Conclusion: Although Garrison was described as fanatic, lunatic to some degree and was even target for assassination, he started the fight against slavery extensively on January 1, 1831. The ideology and methods he implemented was unparalleled in its urgent philosophy, validity of work and opportunity to speak out. Garrison’s efforts since that day succeeded and eventually slavery was abolished in the future.

Intro: On July 20, 1848, people for the first time came together in the Seneca Falls Convention, crossing limits of gender to call for votes for women and ensure the entitled rights of women. This stirring proposal would instigate the calling for women politics in the next several decades and eventually became an important, popular and unprecedented movement. Thesis Statement: The history of women’s indignity at being treated could retrace back to 1792, when the British Writer Mary Wollstonecraft,published A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a demonstration of women’s inferiority. This convention, extended the notion of women’s rights in that it argued for the rights of women to carry out their own consciences, helped women realize the maltreatment and false superiority from men and helped them politically, legally and socially.
 * Q3. Why was July 20, 1848 a “a day of destiny?”[[image:examreviewblock6/declaration-1.jpg caption="Declaration of Sentiments"]] **

Body 1: Different from Lewis Toppan, who believed that women should not attend openly in politics like the Anti-slavery Convention in London, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the two participants, disagreed with her and started protests.

Body 2: Stanton once emphasized the political naivety and ignorance of women. She wrote: “Having no experience…they felt as helpless and hopeless as if they had been suddenly asked to construct a steam engine.” But, in fact, some women had been sharpened by years of abolitionists and church activity.

Body 3: Before this, women were treated like slaves. Their liberty were taken away and both were life-time commitment. “Declaration of Sentiments” revolted the brutal treatment of women by men.

Body 4: Taking the Declaration of Indigence as a paragon, women darted a Declaration of Sentiments and resolutions to be discussed at the meeting. This movement helped women politically, legally and socially. Legally, women were disfranchised from “coverture,” where there was no real separate identity from husband. Socially, “cult of domesticity” was alleviated, through which they could experience life outside of the house. Such as Peggy Eaton. Political rights were severely controversial. The key issue was whether women should involve in politics and in to what extent.

Conclusion: Seneca falls was the first time women came together and fought for their own rights. It was the cornerstone for future female movement.

Up until 1831, the South held a positive attitude toward slavery. They thought that slavery was the foundation of the south’s distinctive social order and as Thomas Jefferson once said that it was a “necessary evil” that would die out gradually. The South supported slavery in that it was a necessary input for Cotton gin labor and slaves worth even more than lands. Further, these slave owners felt a psychological advantage from owning slaves. Last, “peculiar institution “ was the proof for states’ rights and regional pride.
 * Q4.How did the South defend its”peculiar institution?” **

Although slavery was generally considered as immoral by most, the South justified it with several arguments. -They argued that Africans were naturally inferior to them according to the medical science report. -Bible condones slavery. -All great societies in the history depended on slavery, such as Greece, Rome and Egypt. -Constitution protects slavery. -A feeling of paternalism, white men’s burden. -George Fitzhugh, proslavery advocate, argued that” the negro is but a grown up child,” who needed the economic and social protections of slavery. -Slaves were generally better off than “wage slaves” in the North. Owners healed and helped slaves, except that they did not enjoy independence and liberty like wage workers did. -Benefits of slavery: never unemployed+basic needs provided(health care, food, shelter, clothing)

__** Bibliography: **__ 1.http://ovivi19238.blogspot.com/2010/11/seneca-falls-convention-declaration.html 2.https://mstartzman.pbworks.com/w/page/32430737/The%20Liberator%20(seventh) 3.http://www.kellscraft.com/RomanceOldNERooftrees/RomanceOldNERooftrees19.html 4.http://www.howard.edu/library/reference/guides/slavenarratives/default.htm 5.http://wikihistoria.wikispaces.com/Peculiar+Institution 6. Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. "Exploration, Discovery, And Settlement, 1492-1700." United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, NY: Amsco School Publications, 2004. 9. Print. 7.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwaAUA6wQu0