Era+of+Good+Feelings

** Timeline: **
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**Madison's** presidency

 * ===== occurred during the Era of Good Feelings, 1815 and 1816 =====
 * ===== The most important events during his presidency were the end of the War of 1812 =====
 * ===== creation of the Second Bank of the US. =====

**M** ** onroe's ** entire presidency spanned over the Era of Good Feelings, 1816-1824.- The most important events:

 * ===== Supreme Court rulings, =====
 * ===== Missouri Compromise =====
 * ===== Monroe Doctrine =====
 * ===== Monroe Doctrine =====
 * ===== Monroe Doctrine =====

The Era of Good Feelings ended in 1824 when **John Quincy Adams** was elected.
 * "corrupt bargain" : election was split four ways, Jackson won popular vote but could not get majority of electoral college,
 * Henry Clay dropped out and told his supporters to vote for JQA... and he won
 * T here was a lot of political unrest and JQA did not get much done in his four years.

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__Missouri Compromise__: allowed Missouri to be a slave state while Maine was broken off Massachusetts and declared a free state. Also the 36 x 30 line was created, where new states below the line would be able to have slaves and new states above would not be able to. =====

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__Marshall Court__: John Marshall was the Supreme Court Justice from 1801 to when he died in 1835. During his time in the Supreme Court, the Federalist party had dissolved, but his Federalist views remained and affected many major Supreme Court rulings. For instance, Marbury vs. Madison, Darmouth vs. Woodward, McCulloch vs. Maryland, Gibbons vs. Odgen. His decisions in these cases shaped the precedent for the decisions made not only by the Supreme Court but the HOR and Senate. =====

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__Nationalism__: A feeling of pride in one's country fueled by patriotic themes such as paintings, songs, and admiration for Revolutionary War heroes. Nationalism when Monroe was elected was driven by the younger generation's excitement towards expansion. =====

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__Panic of 1819__: Era of Good Feelings was interrupted in 1819 by the first financial disaster since the constitution had been ratified. It occurred because the 2nd BUS tightened credit in order to control inflation. The West was affected, specifically the land speculators, it shook nationalism and caused Western settlers to change their political views. =====

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__Treaty of 1818__: Improved US-Britain relations. (1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland (2) joint occupation of the Oregon territory for ten years (3)the settling of the northern limit of the Louisiana territory at the 49th parallel, therefore establishing a border between Canada and US. =====

__Corrupt Bargain:__ The deal Henry Clay made with John Quincy Adams where Clay's supporters gave their electoral college votes to Adams, allowing Adams to beat Jackson.

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1.) __Henry Clay's American System__- Henry Clay was a War Hawk who devised a plan to allow the United States to prosper. Its intentions were to help the economy and modernize the US while also making transportation more efficient. First, Clay sought to help the economy so he pushed for the **creation of the Second Bank of the US**. Next, he wished to protect American businesses, **so he implemented the tariff of 1816, putting a heavy tax on British goods** to deter Americans from buying things overseas and purchase products made domestically. Lastly, Clay called for the **construction of roads, canals and railways leading out to the West** to expand the economy and accessibility of the country. =====

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2.) __Tallmadge Amendment-__ An amendment submitted in 1819 by Senator James Tallmadge from NY. This amendment was submitted to affect the admission of Missouri to the Union. **It declared that Missouri only be admitted to the Union as a free state**. This would have possibly ended slavery much quicker than a war but it was not passed. Tallmadge's goal in submitting this amendment was the death of slavery. Southern members of congress believed that this amendment was unconstitutional because it put conditions on a state's admission to the union. **In 1820 the Missouri Compromise was passed, however the Tallmadge Amendment was //not included//**. =====

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3.) __Monroe Doctrine__- In Monroe's presidency, there were several revolutions in South and Central America against imperialistic nations like Spain. Under the Monroe Doctrine, the US recognized all of these new nations. Also, the doctrine declared three very bold statements, first that unless American interests were involved, t**he US would stay out of wars in Europe.** Secondly, all of the **American continents were no longer subject to any European power, basically colonization in the Americas was over**. Lastly, the **US would receive any European advances towards these new nations as an act of war.** The Monroe Doctrine was very significant, it laid the **foundation for the American foreign policy for years to come**, it also put the US at the same level as the European powers. =====

//** Q1. What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812? **//
//** Q2. What were the effects of some early key John Marshall cases? **// //** Q3. Both nationalism and sectionalism increased during the Era of Good Feelings. How did both of these develop concurrently, and did one become of greater importance in the economics and politics of the era? **//
 * Thesis:**Under Madison there was a combination of diplomacy and economic pressure to intervene in the Napoleonic War. Ultimately two major factors led to the War of 1812 were the constant violation of U.S neutral rights at sea by the British and French, as well as the disputes with Britain in the Western Frontier. A strong sense of nationalism and pride in another victory over Britain gained the US the respect of other world powers, as well as US economy and especially industry developing.
 * Body Paragraph 1:**
 * Although both the British and French were at fault for violating the U.S's neutral rights across the Atlantic, most Americans sympathized with the French because they saw them in a similar position to colonists during the American Revolution, therefore the British appeared to be more at fault which led to the US being less lenient with the British in the Western territories (British controlled Canada).
 * The Americans were tired of being disrespected by France and Britain in the Atlantic by ways of military vessels seizing American merchant ships.
 * There was a dispute over the Oregon Territory which extended into British controlled Canada, the result of the war was that it returned to pre-war boundaries which caused the British to back off and established a clear border.
 * The British had been fighting Napoleon for almost a decade, and grew weary of the Americans dragging on the war so they agreed to cease all the fighting. The result was basically a victory for the Americans because they accomplished all that they had to.
 * Body Paragraph 2: Results**
 * Having stopped the British for the second time, the victory spurred a movement of nationalism and pride in war heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison.
 * British naval blockades led to the necessity of more U.S factories to produce goods and as a result Americans became more self reliant with their own industries causing them to grow and prosper.
 * Without out foreign allies, Native Americans in the west were forced to surrender massive amounts of lands to whites, which led to excitement in younger generations of Americans in westward expansion.
 * The U.S had to recognize Canada as a neighbor and part of the British empire at the same time.
 * Americans no longer felt like they had to be involved in European politics, but westward expansion was the future of America.
 * Conclusion:** The war of 1812 didn't really accomplish any of the original goals, nevertheless the U.S established itself as a world power and at the same time grew its industry becoming almost entirely self reliant.
 * Thesis:** Due to the fact that John Marshall was the lasting image of the Federalist Party, as the chief justice, he constantly favored the central government and rights of property against the advocation of states rights.
 * Several cases such as Marbury v.s Madison, Dartmouth v.s Woodward, McCulloch v.s Maryland and Gibbons v.s Ogden were all cases decided by Marshall which had lasting effects on how the Constitution was interpreted and the way the Supreme Court voted on them.
 * Paragraph 1:** Marbury v.s Madison- Judicial Review
 * Marshall's ruling on Marbury v.s Madison established the principle of judicial review.
 * Jefferson wished to get rid of the "midnight appointments" that Adams tried to push through in his last days as the president. William Marbury, one of those appointments sued for his commission to the supreme court.
 * Marshall ruled that according to the Judiciary Act of 1789, Marbury should be given his commission, however he also ruled that the act was unconstitutional for giving the Supreme Court more power than the Constitution.
 * Marbury was not given his commission, and as a result of Judicial review being established, the Supreme Court could now overrule the actions of the other two branches of government.
 * Marshall also sacrificed having a Federalist majority on the Supreme Court which showed his commitment and reputation of being true to his beliefs in the constitution.
 * Paragraph 2: Dartmouth v.s Woodward, Gibbons v.s Ogden & McCulloch v.s Maryland - Federal Government over State Governments**
 * The state of New Hampshire wanted to force Dartmouth College to become a public institution rather than a private one.
 * Marshall ruled that this would be unconstitutional and struck down the law. The decision being that a private corporation could not be altered by a state.
 * In Gibbons v.s Ogden, Marshall dealt with a choice to allow New York to grant a monopoly to a single steamboat company. Keep in mind this goes against a charter authorized by congress.
 * Marshall rules that the monopoly would be unconstitutional and this resulted in the establishment of the Federal Government's control over interstate commerce.
 * In McCulloch v.s Maryland, Marshall had to decide whether or not Maryland collecting a tax on the Bank of the US was constitutional.
 * With his usual loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal government had the implied power to create the BUS and that a state could not collect taxes on federal institutions.
 * All of these decisions under Marshall strengthened the Federal Government's power, mostly at the expense of the rights of states
 * Conclusion:** The most important effects of John Marshall's decisions were the consistent ruling of the federal government's power over the rights of states, Marshall also established judicial review which gave the Supreme Court the newfound ability to rule on the constitutionality of the laws passed by the other two branches of the government.
 * Thesis:** The result of the War of 1812 led to a strong sense of nationalism which was fueled by Monroe and the Republican party, however at the same time the North specifically New England experienced a large increase in industry which formed an identity that rivaled that of the South's mainly agricultural economy. Although nationalism and sectionalism developed concurrently, it was nationalism that became of greater importance because the unification spurred by pride for the U.S allowed the Era of Good Feelings to occur.
 * Body Paragraph 1: Patriotism**
 * Patriotism became a major theme in American culture during the Era of Good Feelings.
 * Figures that were critical in the founding of the U.S as well as war heroes became glorified in the schooling of younger generations.
 * Songs such as "my country tis of thee", "America the beautiful" and "America" written by Samuel Francis Smith are examples of the patriotism that arose due to the sense of nationalism.
 * Because these patriotic themes taught to such a young generation, American' s sense of nationalism was able to expand and remain solidified in the culture.
 * Body Paragraph 2: Internal Developments/Economical Differences**
 * Improving infrastructure, canals, roads were key in unifying the country at a time where nationalism was thriving in the North, South and West.
 * (eerie canal, cumberland road)
 * These improvements were critical in allowing the economy of the North to flourish. The Northern industrial economy varied greatly from the South's agricultural economy and that is where most of the differences that were highlighted by sectionalism originated.
 * With industry established in the U.S, competition with Europe was inevitable. Therefore Monroe passed the protect tariff act of 1816 to protect American industry which added even further to nationalism.
 * The reason why the Era of Good Feelings was even able to happen was that there was political unity stimulated by nationalism resulting in Monroe having two successful terms.
 * The cotton gin created by Eli Witney had a major impact on Southern economy. Influenced plantation owners to get more slaves because they good make more cotton.
 * Solidified slavery in the Southern economy just at about the time where it could have been ended.
 * The idea of sectionalism is different regions having different cultures and political beliefs, therefore it is counterproductive to the Era of Good Feelings because no such time period would have been possible if sectionalism was of greater importance.
 * Conclusion:** Although sectionalism and nationalism in the U.S increased at the same time, nationalism had a much greater impact on the economics and politics of the Era of Good Feelings. If sectionalism had been more prominent during that time none of the advancements made would have occurred.

Bibliography: [] [] [] APUSH review book