Revolutionary+War

Kristiana Sotiriou Timeline: The first Continental Congress gathered to discuss and formulate a response to the British parliament’s Coercive Acts. The second Continental Congress was later responsible for the Declaration of Independence. || **Important vocabulary:** __French and Indian War__
 * || 10th Feb, 1763 || **the Treaty of Paris** || Harsh to France. All French territory on the mainland of North America was lost. The British received Quebec and the Ohio Valley.A formal ending of the French and Indian war ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4714149/proc1_small_square.jpg?1384881591 caption="Proc1"]] || 7th Oct, 1763 || **the Proclamation of 1763** || the king issued that the colonists could not go west of the Appalachian mountains because of the Native Americans. Angered the colonists as they felt that their rights to land was being taken. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4707762/stamp-act_small_square.gif?1384795018 caption="Stamp act"]] || 22nd Mar, 1765 || **Stamp Act** || Great Britain passes the stamp act which taxed legal documents. Made colonists mad. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4713831/quantact_small_square.jpg?1384879229 caption="Quartering Act"]] || 3rd May, 1765 || **Quartering Act** || A law that allowed British to occupy Boston by forcing the colonists to shelter British soldiers.It also abolished rights to a standing army. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4713900/TOWNSHEND_small_square.jpg?1384879778 caption="Townshend "]] || 2nd Jul, 1767 || **Townshend acts** || An increase in taxes and tax revenue on glass, white lead, and paper paint. All colony's were expected to pay these. Accused of being unconstitutional. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4707797/boston-massacre_small_square.jpg?1384795243 caption="Boston massacre"]] || 5th Mar, 1770 || **Boston Massacre** || The British start to occupy Boston and clamp down on rebels. Then the red coats killed five colonists of a colonist mob in the streets of Boston. This caused tensions to rise between the two groups as it was the first British killing of the colonists. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4707833/vc40_small_square.jpg?1384795512 caption="Boston Tea"]] || 16th Dec, 1773 || **Boston tea Party** || Due to enormous taxes the colonists took action on the east India tea company and dumped all of it into the Boston harbor. Symbolized the colonists courage to stand up against the British. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4711346/The_Intolerable_Acts_small_square.jpg?1384839877 caption="The intolerable acts"]] || 24th Mar, 1774 || **The Intolerable Acts** || The Intolerable Acts are a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America. The acts triggered outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies . ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4711359/The_Continental_Congress_small_square.jpg?1384840217 caption="The continental congress"]] || 5th Sep, 1774 || **Continental Congress** || The Continental Congress was a collection of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that met at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1774 and 1775.
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4721228/Paul_Revere%27s_ride_small_square.jpg?1384967159 caption="Paul revere's ride"]] || 7th Apr, 1775 || **Paul Reveres Midnight Ride** || Paul Revere's famous ride to alert the colonists of a British attack on Lexington. This ride was able to prepare the colonists, and in doing so helped the colonists to obtain a victory at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4713916/Battle_of_Lexington_Concord_small_square.jpg?1384879924 caption="Battle of lexington concord"]] || 19th Apr, 1775 || **Lexington and Concord** || Two battles, fought that opened the Revolutionary War. When British troops engaged a small group of colonial militiamen in the small towns of Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, the militiamen fought back and eventually forced the British to retreat. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4713949/Thomas-Paine-9431951-1-402_small_square.jpg?1384880178 caption="Thomas paine"]] || 10th Jan, 1776 || **Common Sense** || A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that inspired the colonists to fight for independence. It motivated Americans to rebel against the “royal brute,” King George III, declare independence, and establish a new republican government. It convinced many Americans that the time had come to be free of Britain forever. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4714048/download_small_square.jpg?1384880957 caption="Declaration Independence"]] || 4th Jul, 1776 || **Declaration of Independence** || The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4714029/saratoga_small_square.jpg?1384880792 caption="Saratoga"]] || 17th Oct, 1777 || **The Battle of Saratoga** || This Battle took place in Saratoga on the Hudson River in New York State. The British defeat convinced the French to ally themselves with the United States and enter the war against Britain. Most historians agree that without help from France, the United States could not have won the war. ||
 * [[image:http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/4714181/yorktown_small_square.jpg?1384881834 caption="Yorktown"]] || 28th Dec, 1781 || **Battle of Yorktown** || The Battle of Yorktown was one of the last battles of the American Revolutionary War. The battle lasted 20 days and ended with British Gen. Charles Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781. ||
 * || 3rd Sep, 1783 || **The Treaty of Paris 1783** || The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain on one side and the United States of America and its allies on the other. ||

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A war fought in the mid- 1700 s among the major European powers waged in North America from 1754 to 1763. After the war, the British emerged as the dominant European power on the eastern half of the continent.One of the biggest causes for the American Revolution.=====

__Pontiac’s Rebellion__
An uprising led by the Ottawa chief **Pontiac** against British settlers after the end of the French and Indian War. The forces under Pontiac laid siege to Detroit and succeeded in taking all but four of the fortified posts they attacked. Although the British army defeated Pontiac’s warriors and squelched the rebellion, Parliament issued the **Proclamation of 1763 ** as a conciliatory gesture to the Native Americans, recognizing their right to their territories. __Salutary Neglect__  Salutary neglect refers to the state of Anglo-American relations before the end of the French and Indian War. British Parliament did not interfere in the government of the colonies, and America existed in relative political isolation. __Committees of Correspondence__ Organized by New England patriot leader Samuel Adams and made up a system of communication between patriot leaders in the towns of New England and eventually throughout the colonies. Committees of Correspondence provided the political organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. __Declaratory Act__ Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Passed just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. However, Parliament continually interpreted the act to its broadest extent and continued to try to legislate in the colonies. __Articles of Confederation__  This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. __Sons and Daughters of Liberty__They were the ones who were willing to resort to extralegal means if necessary in order to end Britain's rule.They knew understood that talk and politics alone would not bring an end to British tyranny. __Writs of Assistance__  Writs of assistance were general search warrants, which allowed customs officers to search any building or ship they thought might contain smuggled goods, even without probable cause for suspicion. The colonists considered the writs to be a grave infringement upon personal liberties. __Virtual Representation__  The concept of virtual representation was employed by Prime Minister George Grenville to explain why Parliament could legally tax the colonists even though the colonists could not elect any members of Parliament. The theory of virtual representation held that the members of Parliament did not only represent their specific geographical constituencies, but rather that they took into consideration the well being of all British subjects when deliberating on legislation __Hessians__ The Hessians were 18th-century German auxiliaries contracted for service under The Crown of the British Empire. About 30,000 German soldiers served in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolutionary War.

__Mercantilism__
An economic theory predominant in the 1700 s that stipulated that nations should amass wealth in order to increase their power. Many Americans were very adamantly against this idea which caused tension between the British and Americans. __Patriots__ Those who supported the war against Britain. Strengthened the fight for independence. __Stamp Act Congress__  A meeting convened in 1765 in New York to protest the **Stamp Act**. Delegates from nine colonies attended and signed petitions asking Parliament and King George III to repeal the tax making it the first colonial leaders united to protest an action by Parliament ** Important People: ** __Samuel Adams__ Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of Colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty, and suggested the formation of the committees of correspondence. Adams played a crucial role in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England. __James Otis__ James Otis was an influential Bostonian heavily involved in the fight for colonial rights. Most notably, he argued the case against the writs of assistance in front of the Massachusetts supreme court. Though unsuccessful in his case, Otis succeeded in illuminating the core of the colonists' opposition to Parliamentary actions in the colonies. __John Adams__ A prominent Boston lawyer who first became famous for defending the British soldiers accused of murdering five civilians in the **Boston Massacre**. Adams was a delegate from Massachusetts in the **Continental Congresses**, where he rejected proposals for reconciliation with Britain.

__Benjamin Franklin__
A Philadelphia printer, inventor, and patriot. Franklin drew the famous “Join or Die” political cartoon for the **Albany Congress**. He was also a delegate for the **Second Continental Congress** and a member of the committee responsible for helping to draft the **Declaration of Independence** in 1776.

__Thomas Jefferson__
Virginian planter and lawyer who eventually became president of the United States. Jefferson was invaluable to the revolutionary cause. In 1776, he drafted the **Declaration of Independence**, which justified American independence from Britain.

__George Washington__
A Virginia planter and militia officer who eventually became the first **president** of the United States. Washington participated in the first engagement of the French and Indian War in 1754 and later became commander in chief of the American forces during the **Revolutionary War**.

__Thomas Paine__
A radical philosopher who strongly supported republicanism and civic virtue. Paine’s 1776 pamphlet **//Common Sense//** was a bestselling phenomenon in the American colonies and convinced thousands to rebel against the “royal brute,” King George III. __John Dickinson__ An influential political leader from Pennsylvania, Dickinson published //Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer// in response to the Townshend duties, and provoked much colonial response thereby. __King George III__ The king of England during this period, King George III exercised a greater hand in the government of the nation than many of his predecessors had. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name.

__George Grenville__
Prime minister of Parliament at the close of the French and Indian War. Grenville was responsible for enforcing the **Navigation Act** and for passing the **Sugar Act**, **Stamp Act**, **Currency Act**, and **Quartering Act** in the mid- 1760 s. He assumed, incorrectly, that colonists would be willing to bear a greater tax burden after Britain had invested so much in protecting them from the French and Native Americans.

**Key primary sources:** Thomas Paine: Common Sense It motivated many Americans to finally rebel against England while pointing out all of the wrongdoings to the Americans. Patrick Henry: Give me Liberty or Give me Death It shows the passion of some colonists and how far they were willing to go in order to obtain their independence. John Dickinson: Letters from a Farmer in PA They were to oppose the Townshend Acts and to give justification to break away from England. James Otis: MA Circular Letter A letter created to denounce the Townshend Acts by stating that they were unconstitutional. Paine: The Crisis Motivated the country and its troops to keep fighting for independence even at the times when loss seemed inevitable. = =  **Essential question and how to answer them:** __What were the effects of the French and Indian War?__ The Initial cause of the French and Indian War was tension between France and England over territory in the colonies and wealth. The British won this war which led to an increase of British power and land in the new continent of North America while eliminating French influence and diminishing France's global power. England may have become more powerful but soon tension rose between England and the colonists as well as England and the Native Americans. Due to conflict over land claims, on May 7, 1763 Pontiac's Rebellion began; Pontiac soon surrendered due to insufficient forces. As British control increased over the colonists, the colonists started to feel oppressed. Despite fighting in the French and Indian War, the colonists never felt like they had an equal say. Instead the colonists were face with such taxes, like the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Navigation Acts, that they were never given the opportunity to earn and keep their money. This oppression led to the idea of independence and eventually the American Revolution.

__What caused the American Revolution?__ There are many supposed reasons for the American Revolution, they all relate to the oppression of the colonists. When England won the French and Indian War, England fell into heavy debt which led to heavy taxation for the colonists. However, with a diminished enemy front after the French loss, the colonists no longer need protection from England and so felt oppressed when they started to be taxed for England's war. Not only were the colonists now being taxed for objects of day to day living, but their movements were now restricted. In 1763, the Proclamation of 1763 was passed, which prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains. This infuriated the colonists because that's the land they fought for in the French and Indian War but now, it was restricted to them. New colonial rage led to such groups forming as the Committees of Correspondence in 1764, The Sons and Daughters of Liberty in 1765, and the First Continental Congress of 1774. The Committees of Correspondence was started by Sam Adams with the intention to spread propaganda against the new taxation and the wrongdoings of British rule. The Sons and Daughters of Liberty tried to maintain non-importation agreements with England and would often tar and feather those who opposed. The First Continental Congress served the purpose to oppose the Intolerable Acts and to boycott all British goods. All of these factors led to the American Revolution, but the root cause was the French and Indian War. = = __Were the Colonists justified in revolting?__ The Colonists came to America in search of freedom, however England still wanted control. They started by implementing the Navigation Acts which required American wealth to be sent to England. These were soon followed by the Declaratory Act, which required all to owe loyalty to the crown. Then the Sugar Act, the Townshend Act, and the Stamp Act all which had a tax a some form a consumer good whether it be glass or any form of documentation. But wait, there's more, then came the quartering act abolishing rights to a standing army, and finally the Intolerable Acts. The Intolerable Acts closed Boston Harbor and all charter rights were taken away. As Thomas Jefferson stated "when government becomes destructive to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, it can be abolished." In regards to Thomas Jefferson, the colonists were justified in revolting. = = __How revolutionary was the American Revolution?__ The American Revolution was the first of the revolutions and it staged a small, underdeveloped army against one of the world largest, most powerful armies. The Sons of Liberty enforced non-importation agreements with the British and the Committee of Correspondence with Sam Adams helped boost colonial spirit which helped to increase chances of victory. The small army won and was able to gain its independence. This victory then led to the foundations of democracy in America rather than the global oligarchy. Due to the nature and outcome of this war the idea of the American Revolution was mostly a radical idea. = =

http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/revolution/terms.html http://alphahistory.com/americanrevolution/american-revolution-glossary/ http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/revolutionary-war-timeline--167 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pontiacs-rebellion-begins http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/prerevolution/terms.html United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination by John J. Newman, and John M. Schmalbach = =
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